Principles of Biomedical Science Practice Exam

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• Which term describes the complete genetic constitution of an individual?
• Which system includes the brain and spinal cord and transmits signals to the rest of the body?
• Which feedback mechanism tends to amplify a process or increase its output (example: blood clotting)?
• Which form of diabetes is most commonly associated with obesity and reduced insulin sensitivity?
• Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that yield distinct restriction fragment patterns are called what?
• A large molecule formed by joining smaller units.
• What term describes a sugar in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide?
• Which term refers to the spread of a disease-causing agent from one host to another?
• Which cell type develops in the bone marrow and produces antibodies?
• A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.
• In comparing two solutions, which has the greater solute concentration?
• Which metabolic disorder is caused by defective or absent LDL receptors and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, leading to high LDL?
• A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal is called what?
• The allele is an alternative form of a gene at a locus.
• One of the pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual.
• Which process involves synthesizing a polypeptide from mRNA?
• A triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon during protein synthesis is called what?
• Negative control groups help identify outside influences by providing a condition where the outcome is expected to be negative.
• A substance needed by the body to maintain life and health.
• Which term refers to a submicroscopic infectious agent that consists of a protein coat surrounding a nucleic acid and can replicate only inside living cells?
• Which term refers to a structure composed of tissues that performs a specific function?
• Which lipoprotein particle carries the majority of cholesterol in the bloodstream and is commonly elevated in atherosclerosis?
• Which term describes the process by which a microbial organism moves from one host to another?
• Which test is used to assess average blood glucose over the past 2-3 months by analyzing a modified form of hemoglobin?
• A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
• Having an affinity for water is described as what?
• A specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart.
• The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
• Which instrument is used to measure arterial blood pressure?
• What molecule is composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups and acts as the energy currency of the cell?
• Which term is energy content of food measured in kilocalories?
• Which base pairs with thymine in DNA?
• Which valve prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle?
• Which purine base pairs with cytosine in DNA?
• In a chemical solution, what term refers to the substance dissolved in the solvent?
• Which term describes something that is communicable by contact?
• The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties.
• Which term denotes the observable traits due to gene-environment interactions?
• Which cell structure is the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins, and formed by two subunits?
• Which term describes the movement of suspended particles through a fluid or gel under the influence of an electric field?
• Which laboratory technique amplifies DNA in vitro using primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides?
• A valve located at the opening of the right atrium into the right ventricle and has three triangular flaps.
• Which term refers to infectious proteins that induce normal proteins to convert to abnormal forms?
• What is the term for a substance that is dissolved in a solution?
• Which vein returns blood from the upper half of the body to the right atrium?
• What term describes a collection of tissues that performs a particular function or set of functions in an organism?
• Which test measures the level of hemoglobin A1c in the blood to determine average blood glucose over the past 2-3 months?
• Which term denotes the portion of blood pressure measured while the heart is at rest between contractions?
• Which term is an antigen-binding immunoglobulin produced by B cells that functions as the effector in an immune response?
• The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction is called what?
• Which term denotes the transmission of traits from parent to offspring?
• Which term describes chromosomes that carry the same genes at the same loci in the same order?
• What term describes the basic unit of life that makes up all living organisms?
• Which term describes a polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis?
• What is the term for the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C?
• Which laboratory technique amplifies DNA in vitro using primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides?
• An instrument for measuring blood pressure is called what?
• Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart to the body?
• A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA and attached to ribosomes in the cytoplasm; it specifies the primary structure of a protein is called what?
• What is the monomer of carbohydrate?
• Which form of diabetes usually develops in childhood and is characterized by severe insulin deficiency?
• A spherical bacterium is called?
• What is the surgical bypass operation performed to shunt blood around an obstructed coronary artery called?
• Which term refers to a protist within the phylum or subkingdom Protozoa?
• A measurement of heart electrical activity.
• A study designed to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable is called an ...
• A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids is called what?
• Pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood vessels, usually measured by means of a sphygmomanometer and expressed in millimeters of mercury.
• Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.
• Which term denotes the sex-determining chromosome?
• What term names the cluster of risk factors including high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL, and high fasting glucose?
• Which term best describes a collection of components organized to accomplish a specific function?
• Which diagram shows inheritance across generations?
• Which cell engulfs and consumes foreign material and debris?
• A parasitic worm such as a tapeworm, liver fluke, ascarid, or leech is called?
• Which term refers to a cohesive set of parts designed to achieve a particular result?
• Which form of diabetes typically develops in adults and obese individuals, due to impaired insulin utilization?
• Which surgical bypass operation shunts blood around an obstruction in a coronary artery by grafting a segment of vein to the aorta and to the coronary artery downstream?
• Which term means having an affinity for water?
• Which term describes a simple sugar?
• Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas and is essential for carbohydrate metabolism and regulation of blood glucose?
• Which process uses water to break chemical bonds?
• Which term describes single-celled microorganisms that are often aggregated into colonies or motile by means of flagella, typically live in soil, water, organic matter, or the bodies of plants and animals, autotrophic, saprophytic, or parasitic in nutrition, and noted for their biochemical effects and pathogenicity?
• What is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration called?
• What is the test used to assess the body's ability to metabolize glucose after a measured glucose dose in fasting individuals?
• Which molecule family is primarily responsible for heredity?
• All or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group is called?
• Which mechanism maintains body homeostasis by counteracting deviations from a set point?
• During which phase of the heartbeat are the ventricles contracting and ejecting blood?
• An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
• Which nucleic acid is usually single-stranded and uses uracil; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses?
• Having the same solute concentration as another solution is described as which?
• Which term describes a chronic heart or circulatory condition rather than an acute event?
• Which system is responsible for gas exchange between the body and the environment, including structures such as the lungs?
• A genetic trait is considered dominant if expressed when only one copy of the gene is present.
• Which chemical process splits a molecule by adding water?
• What is the smallest structural unit capable of functioning independently?
• To assess the outcome of interest, researchers measure the ______ in an experiment.
• An attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule.
• Which term describes a signaling molecule released by cells that travels through the bloodstream to act on distant target cells?
• Which feedback mechanism is exemplified by the process of blood clotting?
• What is the radiographic visualization of blood vessels after the injection of a radiopaque substance called?
• A written reference to a specific work by an author identifying where the work may be found is called what?
• Which term denotes a cylindrical or rod-shaped bacterium?
• Which term is used to describe a genetic variation detected by differences in fragment lengths after restriction enzyme digestion?
• A parasitic worm is referred to as a?
• A substance formed by two or more atoms of different elements held together by covalent bonds is called a
• Which term describes an infectious agent that consists of a protein coat surrounding a nucleic acid and relies on living cells to replicate?
• Which pyrimidine base carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA and pairs with guanine in DNA?
• The tissue mass in the right atrium that initiates impulses for heartbeat is called what?
• Which term describes a group of cells with a common function?
• A group in which all conditions are the same as the experimental group except the independent variable is not applied.
• What is the surgical procedure or operation for inserting a stent, a mold to keep a passageway open, into an anatomical vessel?
• What term refers to a substance produced by living cells that travels through the bloodstream to affect distant target cells?
• Which term describes a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances?
• Which system breaks down foods into chemical components for energy and for building and repairing tissues?
• What is the display of chromosome pairs arranged by size and shape called?
• Which lipoprotein particle carries more cholesterol and is linked to increased risk of heart disease when elevated?
• Having two different alleles for a given gene is referred to as?
• A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
• What term captures the idea of an assembly designed to perform a defined function?
• Which term describes a group of components designed to work together for a specific purpose?
• Which professional performs autopsies and may serve as coroner in some jurisdictions?
• Which imaging procedure visualizes blood vessels after injecting a radiopaque substance?
• Chemical transformation or change; the interaction of chemical entities.
• The state produced by establishment of an infective agent in a suitable host is called?
• Which branch of biology deals especially with microscopic forms of life such as bacteria, protozoans, viruses, and fungi?
• The variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher is the ...
• Which term denotes the medical procedure of inserting a stent to keep a vessel open?
• The dissolving agent of a solution is commonly called what?
• Which term describes the display of chromosome pairs arranged by size and shape?
• Which circulation supplies all body organs and returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium?
• Which vein returns blood to the right atrium from parts of the body below the diaphragm?
• A bond where atoms share electron pairs?
• Which class of molecules includes fats, phospholipids, and steroids?
• Specialized clothing or equipment, worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials (as defined by OSHA).
• The field that studies evidence used in legal settings is called the ...
• Which process reduces the chromosome number by half in gamete formation?
• In comparing two solutions, which has the lower solute concentration?
• Which staining method differentiates gram-positive from gram-negative bacteria?
• Which purine base is a component of nucleic acids and energy-carrying molecules and pairs with thymine in DNA?
• Which term describes a sudden neurological event caused by rupture or obstruction of a brain vessel?
• Which term describes a substance that consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio?
• Which term denotes a collection of elements organized to execute a defined task or set of tasks?
• The observable properties produced by genotype and environment
• What is the collective term for the heart, blood vessels, and blood?
• Which bodily system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs and processes stimuli?
• A substance used to show visually the presence of acids or bases in a solution.
• The measurable effect, outcome, or response that researchers study is the ...
• Which comprehensive set of standards gives patients rights regarding their personal health information?
• What term describes an excess of sugar in the blood?
• Which term describes a collection of parts that together provide a particular function or set of functions?
• Which RNA molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to codons on the mRNA?
• A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
• What is the building block of DNA consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group?
• What organic monomer serves as the building block of proteins?
• A physician who performs an autopsy when death may be accidental or violent and may also serve as the coroner is called what?
• Which base of DNA is a pyrimidine that pairs with adenine?
• What term refers to any of the alternative forms of a gene at a given locus?
• Which term describes an abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood?
• Which valve is also known as the bicuspid valve?
• Which process describes water moving across a membrane from areas of higher water concentration to lower water concentration?
• Which field studies microscopic life forms such as bacteria and viruses?
• What term refers to molecules responsible for heredity and variation of organisms?
• What technique separates nucleic acids or proteins by size and charge using an electric field in a gel?
• Which term describes the complete set of chromosomes in a cell, typically displayed in metaphase?
• Which condition involves lipid deposits in artery walls leading to narrowing?
• Which term denotes a type of lymphocyte that differentiates under the influence of the thymus and is involved in cell-mediated immunity?
• What term describes any of the branching muscular and elastic-walled vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body?
• Which term means having an aversion to water?
• Which process results in two new nuclei with the same chromosome number as the parent nucleus?
• Having two identical alleles for a given gene is called what?
• Which lipoprotein particle carries less cholesterol and is associated with a decreased risk of blood vessel blockage?
• In many contexts, a collection of components arranged to perform a defined set of tasks is called a what?
• A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
• Which term means something spiral in form?
• Which term refers to sudden loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion caused by rupture or obstruction of a brain blood vessel?
• Which RNA molecule functions as an interpreter between nucleic acids and proteins by carrying amino acids?
• Which term describes a syndrome marked by three or more of a group of factors including high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar, linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes?
• The smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms.
• Which word fits the definition: a collection of parts organized to achieve a particular function or set of functions?
• Which type of chromosome is not directly involved in determining sex?
• Which process describes building larger molecules by removing a water molecule?
• What word best describes a coordinated set of components designed to achieve a goal?
• Which lipoprotein particle carries more cholesterol and is associated with higher risk of blocked arteries when elevated?
• Which surgical procedure repairs or reopens a blocked blood vessel?
• Which term describes an acute episode of heart disease marked by death or damage of heart muscle due to insufficient blood supply, usually as a result of coronary thrombosis or occlusion?
• Bond between oppositely charged ions.
• Changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls are known as what?
• A simple graphical way of discovering all potential genotype combinations given parents' genotypes?
• Which term describes a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA that specifies an amino acid or termination signal?
• The examination of the body after death to determine the cause of death is called what?
• The ability to resist a particular disease is known as?
• Which valve guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
• What is the degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA?
• A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels and is antagonistic to insulin is called what?
• Which term describes a configured set of parts that collectively perform a function, often seen in complex designs?
• What structure in the heart is also called the natural pacemaker?
• In an experimental setup, the standard for comparison that does not receive the independent variable is called the ...
• A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose.
• Which type of lymphocyte develops in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies?
• What macromolecule serves as the building block for proteins?
• Which hormone raises blood glucose levels and is antagonistic to insulin?
• Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the veins and sends it to the ventricles?
• The pressure generated by the left ventricle during systole is called what?
• Which term describes the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions in the face of environmental fluctuations?
• The creation of a protein from a DNA template is called what?
• Which class of molecules is insoluble in water and includes fats?
• Which circulation carries venous blood from the right atrium to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the left atrium?
• Which term describes the genome, containing all genes and other DNA sequences?
• Which term describes a discrete unit of hereditary information located on DNA or RNA?
• What is the double-stranded, helical molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins?
• What term refers to an arrangement of parts that work together to carry out a function, commonly used in engineering and biology?
• The act of creating citations to identify resources used in writing a work is known as what?
• Which term would you use to describe a valve with three flaps located at the junction between the right atrium and right ventricle?
• Which term describes the building block of nucleic acids?
• What is the differential staining method that fixes bacteria to a slide, stains with crystal violet and iodine, then washes with alcohol and counterstains with safranin?
• Which term means something that increases risk or susceptibility?
• Which term refers to the privacy standards for handling health information?
• What discrete unit of hereditary information consists of a specific nucleotide sequence?
• Which term describes the application of biology and physiology principles to clinical medicine?
• A body structure that temporarily closes a passage or permits movement of fluid in only one direction.
• The study of the heart and its action and diseases.
• Which lipid forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor for steroid synthesis?
• Which term refers to the network that circulates blood and exchanges gases in the body?
• Which structure in the cell nucleus contains the genetic material and is usually linear?
• Which document lists all sources consulted in researching information?
• An abnormal organic condition of the heart or of circulation.
• Which term denotes abnormally high blood pressure?
• Which word best fits the idea of a functional assembly composed of multiple units?
• Which group includes molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, and yeasts?
• Which describes an electrical device for stimulating or steadying the heartbeat?
• Which base pairs with cytosine in DNA?
• A rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity is called what?
• Which term represents the medical specialty focused on heart conditions and diseases?
• The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
• A large molecule consisting of many repeating chemical units linked together.
• The transmission of traits from ancestor to descendant is called?
• The large arterial trunk that carries blood away from the heart.
• What word best defines a collection of blocks that function together as a unit?
• Which term describes the building block of DNA, composed of sugar, base, and phosphate group?
• Which vein returns blood to the right atrium from the upper half of the body?
• What term is used for a group of elements arranged to fulfill a specific purpose, with interactions among parts?
• Which term describes a spiral-shaped bacterium?
• Which term denotes a collection of elements combined to perform a shared function?
• The application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law is called the ...
• Which biomolecule is a three-dimensional polymer made of amino acids?
• Which term describes a double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded through dehydration synthesis?
• Which molecule stores genetic information and is typically found in a double-stranded helical form?
• A document listing all sources used to research information is called what?
• Which form of diabetes is typically associated with autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, often presenting in childhood?
• A solution with greater solute concentration than another is described as?
• Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water is described as what?
• A vessel that returns blood to the heart.
• The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
• Which term refers to the initial educated guess that explains the relationship between variables?
• A clear prediction of the anticipated results of an experiment is a ...
• Which term describes a procedure performed under sterile conditions?
• What term describes the measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as the number of beats per minute?
• What is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template?
• Which term describes the main dissolving medium in a solution?
• The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump blood is called what?
• A test designed to show that the experimental setup is capable of producing a positive result is the ...
• A solution with the same solute concentration as another solution is described as?
• Group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher to show that the experimental setup was capable of producing results.
• Which term refers to a protist within the phylum Protozoa?